Final Post

Final Post

Causes of infertility
http://healthystuffu.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/causes-of-male-infertility.jpg

     How can we use reproductive cloning to help infertile people to have a child? Infertile people are people who have a defect that does not allow them to have biological children after sex without using contraception tools. It can both apply to men and women. To men, it is the sperm cells that does not work, they are not strong enough to swim into the uterus to find the egg or they are not strong enough to fuse with the egg. With women, it is either that their egg cells malfunctions that disallows them to be pregnant or have a child, another way of them being infertile is that they are not able to be pregnant until the zygote fully develops into a stable baby. This problems causes the infertile people to be unable to have the wonderful experience of having a child and that they would not be able to have anyone to carry their legacy or their name. This problem can be caused from many factors. It can be because your sexual organs are too often exposed to radiation, these types of radiation can be found in our daily life such as: a phone, your laptop, the TV, etc... This can be caused by stress too, if you are to stressed out due to your working environment or of any other factors, this can cause infertility to you. Another of infertility's cause is pollution, pollutants that you consume or inhale can cause infertility to you too.

     However, there is a solution to this infertility but it is not yet a very reliable one yet. The solution to this problem is reproductive cloning. Reproductive cloning. Reproductive cloning is when you clone a person's genes and construct it into another organism. The most common method of reproductive cloning is SCNT. SCNT is Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer. The first sheep ever to be clones was through the process of SCNT. The cloning process of this sheep was only successful after 277 tries. The name of the sheep was Dolly the sheep. SCNT may not be very efficient but it is one of the only working ones that has an evident proof that it works and that evidence is the sheep. For a SCNT process to be successful, it would need a foster mother, an egg cell, a somatic cell (cell from any part of the body), and an electrical shocker to fuse the cells.

Process of Reproductive Cloning
https://honchemistry.wikispaces.com/The+Three+Types+of+Cloning

    The process of SCNT goes like this. First, you will need to obtain an egg cell. Second, you will need to obtain a somatic cell. Third, remove the nucleus of the egg cell and discard it. Fourth, take out the cell of the somatic cell. Fifth, insert the somatic cell's nucleus into the egg cell and fuse it using an electric shock. The zygote will start to divide and form into an embryo. After it develops into an embryo, you will need to put it back into the uterus of the foster mother. Later on, the foster mother will give birth to the clone. You will have a successful product of a clone but, it still has its limitations.

    Reproductive cloning does not only have its limitations but, it also has the benefits too. The benefit of this application to infertile people is that it allows them to be able to have the delightful participation of having a child. Raising a child is perhaps one of the best moments of your lifetime. You may go through some stressful times but you make also live through some marvelous times when raising a child. Another benefit of reproductive cloning is that to obtain the materials necessary it wouldn't be too hard to find. A somatic cell can be found in anyone's body and in most cases or perhaps all cases, there are no malfunctioning somatic cells. Finding a working egg cell which is not infertile will be quite easy to find to as there are more fertile women than there are infertile people. Finding a foster mother would be a bit harder to find unless that it is the person who applied for the cloning itself as not everyone would like to be a foster mother. Another advantage of reproductive cloning is that it would allow for infertile people to have a child which later on would not have infertility. Since most of the time infertility happens because of environmental factors, this means that the clone is not definite to be exposed to the same factors that the original infertile person is.

    Reproductive cloning does not only have many benefits but also, it has many disadvantages or limitations too. First of all, it would take too much tries to work. The success rate varies only fro 0.1% to 3%. This can be proved by Dolly the sheep. The sheep was only finished as a complete product after 277 experiments. And after Dolly the sheep was created, she did not even last long enough. She wouldn't live as long as a normal sheep would but, she lived for a much shorter time. A normal sheep would live for 11-12 years but dolly the sheep lasted for only 6 years. That is caused by another limitation of cloning. With cloning, the organs of the cloned living organism can grow abnormally. This can lead to a shorter life an possible lead to many diseases. This event is called the Large Offspring Syndrome. Although in many cases this happens, it is not going to absolutely happen in every clone attempt. Another limitation of reproductive cloning is that people are also affected of environmental factors. Since there are environmental factors such as height, skin color, etc... This means that not everyone will look exactly the same of the clone. If you are exposed to sunlight a lot and you have changed from your original skin color, you will look much different with your clone.

    There are many factors that can cause the successfulness of cloning such as ethical problems, social problems, political problems, economical problems, etc... The main problem of cloning is that it has many ethical problems. Cloning in most cases is ethically wrong. Religious figures believe that only God should be able to create life and humans should not be able too. We believe so because god is the almighty creator which was able to form life meanwhile humans are just his or her creations and we should not create one another. Giving humans the ability to control genes of others would be very dangerous too, it is not definite if whether all would be able to do that or whether people have the right intentions to clone. People should also not be able to control the genetic formula of one another as if they would, people would be less unique and would be harder to improve because if they are able to control it, they would try to prevent bad genes from creating the person and later on they would try to separate it which gives less room for people to evolve and to be better. Through reproductive cloning, people would lose their individuality too because if cloning happens, two humans are going to look very alike and act quite a like and that would make them less differentiated. Another of its ethical problem is that they would act and behave differently to their parents. Since most of our behavior is an environmental factor, not all clones and the original human will act identically.

    Not only does reproductive cloning has ethical problems but, it also has its economical problems. Reproductive cloning would be very frustrateful because not only that doing the process of SCNT itself is hard but, it would take so many tries infact, only 1 out of 277 tries succeeded of making a clone. On a recent study, a professor believes that he is able to clone a human but the expense for the procedure would need an enormous amount of money to be done. He does not have an exact number of money speculated to be needed but his estimation is between $45,000 to $75,000. That amount of money is not something every infertile citizen would be able to afford. Due to it being very expensive only the wealthy infertile citizens would afford and use reproductive cloning. This would heavily affect its successfulness because if the less people use this method, it will sooner or later fade away from our society and may cause the price to fluctuate depending on the amount of consumers. This should be later on perfected so that many people would be able to use this method and so that it can help most infertile citizens.

    In summary, indeed, reproductive cloning can help infertile people to have children, it is indeed quite of a serious problem that happens in a global scale. Indeed it has many of its limitations but, it also has many advantages to it too. It may have a low success rate, may cause organs to grow abnormally and there are environmental factors to people that does not make the clone be identical but, there are many of its benefits for it too for example it would be easy to find the materials needed, the clone would not necessarily be infertile even if the infertile person and the clone is biologically related. There are many factors that can affect the successfulness of this application too such as the ethical problems and the economical problems of it being too expensive. So, in the future, for this application to be successful, it still needs to be perfected with much more research to be done.

Citation:
The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fertility-expert-i-can-clone-a-human-being-1672095.html>.

"Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer.htm>.

Stocum, David. "Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) (biology and Technology)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1382860/somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer-SCNT>

Amal. "The Three Types of Cloning." Hon Chemistry. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <https://honchemistry.wikispaces.com/The+Three+Types+of+Cloning>.

"What Are the Risks of Cloning?" What Are the Risks of Cloning? N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014. <http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/cloningrisks/>.

Putatunda, Rita. "Ethical Issues of Cloning." Buzzle. Buzzle.com, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethical-issues-of-cloning.html>.

Putatunda, Rita. "Ethical Issues of Cloning." Buzzle. Buzzle.com, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethical-issues-of-cloning.html>.

"Ethical Aspects of Human Cloning." Religious Tolerance. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/clo_intra.htm>.

"Limitations to Therapeutic Cloning: More Research Yet to Be Done." Bright Hub. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/63030.aspx>.

"CGS : Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con." CGS : Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=282>.

"Reproductive Cloning." BioCentre. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.bioethics.ac.uk/topics/reproductive-cloning.php>.
Printed Citation:

D. Gralla, Jay, and Preston Gralla. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Cloning. N.p.: n.p., 2004. Print.

R. Kass, Leon, and James K. Wilson. The Ethics of Human Cloning. N.p.: n.p., 1998. Print.

Laritzen, Paul. Cloning and the Future of Embryo Research. N.p.: n.p., 2001. Print.

E. Jones, Richard, and Kristin H. Lopez. Human Reproductive Biology. N.p.: n.p., 2006. Print.

Update #6

Process of SCNT (Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer)

Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer process
https://honchemistry.wikispaces.com/The+Three+Types+of+Cloning

        SCNT is a method of cloning. It is the most common one and the first cloned sheep was made through this process. Its name was Dolly the sheep. Although it did not live for long, it was created after 277 attempts. It is not a really reliable method to clone but, it can be perfected and improved in the future. A somatic-cell nuclear transfer would need a foster mother, a somatic cell (cell from any part of the body) and an egg cell. 

        First, you will need to obtain an egg cell. Second, you will need to obtain a somatic cell. Third, remove the nucleus of the egg cell and discard it. Fourth, take out the cell of the somatic cell. Fifth, insert the somatic cell's nucleus into the egg cell and fuse it using an electric shock. The zygote will start to divide and form into an embryo. After it develops into an embryo, you will need to put it back into the uterus of the foster mother. Later on, the foster mother will give birth to the clone.

Citation:

Amal. "The Three Types of Cloning." Hon Chemistry. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <https://honchemistry.wikispaces.com/The+Three+Types+of+Cloning>.

"Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer.htm>.

Stocum, David. "Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) (biology and Technology)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1382860/somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer-SCNT>.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Video)

"Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Video." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbZiOiPVG6c>.

Update #5

The facts below are about (choose one):

Ethical issues of reproductive cloning.

Original paragraph:

Religious Belief and Control

Cloning goes against the basic belief of certain religions that only God has created life and its various forms in nature. Humans cannot act as God. Even when genetically identical twins are born, their embryo splits spontaneously or randomly to give a new unique genetic combination. Cloning involves a controlled split of the embryo to produce a tailor-made genetic make up. Ethically, it is wrong for any human to have control over the genetic make up of any other individual. More so, the cloned individual would be generated for specific purposes. This in essence is wrong wherein the purpose of an individual's life should be more than just satisfying someone else's needs.

Relationships and Individuality

Cloning creates a new human, yet strips him off his individuality. A man, along with his clone can never be dignified as a single identity. The uniqueness attributed to humans from God might be at stake. The replication of an individual is a major blow to his most distinct feature - his identity. Another fact is that we are unsure how the cloned individual might react and behave with regards to his family and parents. Furthermore, if the cloned individual is cloned from his grandparents and not his parents, would he/she be considered a sibling? How would he/she react? How would the parents and family regard the cloned individual? When we are unsure about the implications or consequences of such situations, it is ethically wrong to subject any individual to such tests as fellow human beings.

Key ideas:

- It is ethically wrong
- Only god should create life
- Humans shouldn't act like gods.
- Humans should not have the power to control genes of another individual
- The next generation of offspring should be naturally varied and not someone controlling it.
- People would lose their individuality
- Two humans who look extremely alike would be less unique
- Relationships of the clone with their "parents" would turn out to be different as the environmental       factors are different

Paraphrasing:
       Cloning in most cases is ethically wrong. Religious figures believe that only God should be able to create life and humans should not be able too. We believe so because god is the almighty creator which was able to form life meanwhile humans are just his or her creations and we should not create one another. Giving humans the ability to control genes of others would be very dangerous too, it is not definite if whether all would be able to do that or whether people have the right intentions to clone. People should also not be able to control the genetic formula of one another as if they would, people would be less unique and would be harder to improve because if they are able to control it, they would try to prevent bad genes from creating the person and later on they would try to separate it which gives less room for people to evolve and to be better. Through reproductive cloning, people would lose their individuality too because if cloning happens, two humans are going to look very alike and act quite a like and that would make them less differentiated. Another of its ethical problem is that they would act and behave differently to their parents. Since most of our behavior is an environmental factor, not all clones and the original human will act identically.

Citation:
Putatunda, Rita. "Ethical Issues of Cloning." Buzzle. Buzzle.com, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethical-issues-of-cloning.html>.

Update #4

Ethical Problems of Reproductive Cloning

       Although many scientists and citizens believe that reproductive cloning is a good way to let infertile citizens to have children, some believe that it is wrong too. Their perspective of that being wrong is what we call "ethical problems". An ethical problem is a problem which has its moral issues. For example, same sex marriage has its ethical issues because people believe that it is not natural as the correct reproduction method is one where it needs a man's and a woman's gamete cells and not a male and a male's gamete cells or a woman and a woman's gamete cells. But there are ethical advantages to it too.

More into: reducing uniqueness of a human through cloning
N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014. <https://lifesite-cache.s3.amazonaws.com/images/made/images/blog/Brisbane_300_302_55.jpg>.

       Contrast to ethical problems, ethical advantages are the ethical believes which people use to support the topic. Reproductive cloning has many of these. For instance, if reproductive cloning is banned then, it would disallow opportunities for doctors and the world to have a medical breakthrough. If reproductive cloning is allowed, we can use these embryos from the procedure of reproductive cloning to be used to become specialized cells and possibly cure cancer. Another of an ethical advantage of reproductive cloning is that although many people think of cloning as a worse way of reproducing, it should be one's right whether to clone or not. Another of its ethical advantage is that if reproductive cloning is banned then, it would be unequal for the unfertilized people to be unhappy and for them to not have the experience of raising up a child.


       Ethical problems of reproductive cloning comes from many points of view. For example, a religious figure's point of view and also a citizen's point of view. According to religious figures, it is ethically wrong to have reproductive cloning to infertile people as children should be a reflection of a husband's and a wife's love but children from reproductive cloning are rather a reflection of their growth in a test tube. Another of which they believe is ethically wrong is that they believe if reproductive cloning is used it would continuously reduce the percentage of variation of genetics in children that in the end everybody would look and act alike and there would be very little differences in everyone. Another ethical problem of reproductive cloning is that if reproductive cloning is used to create embryonic stem cells, citizens think that it is morally very wrong as killing a human to save another human is not the right thing to do.

       In summary, reproductive cloning has an equal balance to its ethical advantages and the ethical problems. It still would need further evaluation to be concluded whether reproductive cloning is actually morally very wrong or it is okay. One side believes that reproductive cloning is wrong and that it would eliminate the idea of uniqueness but the other side believes that reproductive cloning should be a human's right whether they would want to have reproductive cloning or not. So, in the future, government and organizations should evaluate or review further into the subject but, it should be depending on the person's will to have reproductive cloning or not.

Citation:
Putatunda, Rita. "Ethical Issues of Cloning." Buzzle. Buzzle.com, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethical-issues-of-cloning.html>.

"Ethical Aspects of Human Cloning." Religious Tolerance. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/clo_intra.htm>.

"Ethics : End Animal Cloning." End Animal Cloning. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.endanimalcloning.org/ethics.shtml>.   
Video citation:
"Cloning - Ethics - Dr. Brad Harrub." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLy-tYq8qV0>.

Update #3

Update #3

Limitations and Benefits of Reproductive Cloning

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/images/contentpages/scnt.gif

Reproductive cloning has a success rate of only 0.1% to 3%. Although reproductive cloning has its major flaws, it does have some great benefits too. It is a way of cloning human beings. Unlike therapeutic cloning which only clones human cells to create new organs or tissues, when using reproductive cloning, you would clone a whole human and all its cells. Some of its disadvantages are: it is unethical, low success rate, people wouldn't be unique, etc....

Disadvantages of reproductive cloning:

- Low success rate of only 0.1%-3%. 
- It is unethical, people believe that replicating another human being would be wrong as it would be wrong to treat people unfairly as if one would have a clone, it would exactly like him/ her.
- The next generation would have less uniqueness or would look like the previous and it wouldn't produce better humans but later on, produce similar or same humans
- When using SCNT, a method of reproductive cloning, the stem cell will be unstable causing the clone to have a chance that they will have abnormal parts or organs of the body.
- It would be unethical too because religious figures believe that a child or human being should be a reflection of the love of the man and the woman but, these clones are not made by love but rather, from a test tube.

Benefits of reproductive cloning:

- It would make the infertile person be very happy to have a child.
- Cloning is a reproductive right so, people should only have clones if they agree to.
- It can be used to resurrect or bring back extinct species or if they still exist, we can use it to repopulate the species.

Summary:

All in all, although reproductive cloning has more disadvantages than advantages, it is believed that it still can be used as a natural way of asexual reproduction. It has been also shown that reproductive cloning will be very good of future use too, you can use it to resurrect extinct species, help infertile people have biological children. etc... So, in the future, reproductive cloning should be revised and improved so that infertile people or gays would be able to have their children too.

Citations:

"Limitations to Therapeutic Cloning: More Research Yet to Be Done." Bright Hub. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/63030.aspx>.

"CGS : Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con." CGS : Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=282>.

"Reproductive Cloning." BioCentre. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.bioethics.ac.uk/topics/reproductive-cloning.php>.

Update #2

The facts below are about (choose one):

The benefits of reproductive cloning.

Original paragraph:

• Children for lesbian couples or single women. Human cloning would provide lesbian couples or single women with an opportunity to have a child without using donor sperm.
• Creation of a genetically identical donor.  Cloning will enable the creation of a genetically identical child who may provide desperately needed tissue or organs for the cloned adult which cannot be obtained in any other way.  A clone could provide bone marrow, tissue (such as skin or muscle) or even solid organs such as a kidney.  
• A reproductive right? Some believe that human cloning is a reproductive right.  Hence from a libertarian perspective it should be allowed without restriction, provided that the safety concerns have been overcome and cloning is demonstrated to be no less safe than natural reproduction. Yet rights are socially negotiated and imply duties and responsibilities on others.
• Safety concerns can be overcome.  Proponents of cloning argue that most medical technology brings with it an element of risk, and that normal human reproduction is not risk free.  There were initial safety concerns about in vitro fertilisation but this is now widely accepted and practiced.  It is also argued that incidents of LOS are probably due to poor embryonic culture conditions. The techniques of embryo manipulation are rapidly improving and the problem may be eradicated ^[19].Once the process of reproductive cloning has been improved and perfected in mammals, it is believed that human trials can be commenced with a reasonable degree of safety.  

Key ideas:

- Gives a chance for gays to have biological children.
- Would allow for people who are in need for organs for their health to recreate those organs.
- Reproductive cloning should be a reproductive right so, when there is a clone, it should only be approved of the donor.
- In the coming future, cloning can be further improved later on so that it would be able to have a high success rate.

Paraphrasing:

         Reproductive cloning has many benefits. It will give gays and infertile to have biological children which has no possibility of doing so if they do not use reproductive cloning. It would allow for diseases or injured people to have their organs recreated through reproductive cloning. Another benefit is that in the future, it could be perfected later on so that cloning would have a much higher success rate. So, in the future, it would be much better for reproductive cloning to be improved so that it will be a reliable method of asexual reproduction.

Citation:

"Reproductive Cloning." BioCentre. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. <http://www.bioethics.ac.uk/topics/reproductive-cloning.php>.

Video #1:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4vOPaonZng

Update #1

General Topic: Cloning
More Specific Topic: Reproductive Cloning
Specific Research Question: How can we use reproductive cloning to help infertile citizens have a child?

In brief describe about this application (what is it all about?)

Reproductive cloning is the procces of creating an identical or nearly identical copy of an organism. The most common procces is the SCNT. SCNT is when you replace the nucleus of the egg cell with the somatic cell of another organism to create a clone or copy.

What are some benefits of this application?

With reproductive cloning, infertile citizens are able to have children or family that are biologically related to them. It would not only help infertile citizens to have biologically related children but, it would allow     same sex couples to have children that are related to them too. It would allow for people who have their loved ones dead to be alive again and seek their love and memories with them again although they won't exactly act the same due to the environment factors.

What are some future improvements which still need to be done to make this perfect? (limitations)

Reproductive cloning wouldn't directly be successful as it would take trial and error to create a perfect clone that would be nearly identical. It would not be an identical clone as people would be affected by environmental factors too. To make this application better in the future, first, scientists should try and research in a better manner to find a way so that the success rate of cloning would be much better as now, the average success rate would be 0.1-3 percent which is very inefficient and could be further improved with better understanding through better research.

What are some ethical issues of reproductive cloning?

Numerous religious figures and leaders believe that reproductive cloning is not a right thing to do. They believe that reproductive cloning is "playing god" which is something that should not be done by us humans. They believe that it is playing god because basically, cloning is creating artificial man-made life and what we do is similar to what god does, creating life. Society also believe that taking an egg cell from a woman's womb would be unethical as that is not natural in life.

Citation:

"Reproductive+Cloning." TheFreeDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Reproductive%2BCloning>.

"CGS : Reproductive Cloning." CGS : Reproductive Cloning. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. <http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/section.php?id=16>.

Bonsor, Kevin, and Cristen Conger. "How Human Cloning Will Work."HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/human-cloning1.htm>.

"Welcome." Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://www.bioethics.ac.uk/topics/reproductive-cloning.php>.

"CGS : Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con." CGS : Reproductive Cloning Arguments Pro and Con. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014. <http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=282>.

"What Are the Risks of Cloning?" What Are the Risks of Cloning? N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014. <http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/cloningrisks/>.


The facts below are about (choose one):

Limitations of reproductive cloning.

Original paragraph:

1. Reproductive cloning will foster an understanding that children are designed and replicated for certain traits.
2. Reproductive cloning would diminish the idea of uniqueness. It would violate the widely held convictions concerning human individuality and freedom, and could lead to devaluation of clones in comparison with non-clones.
3. Cloned children would undoubtedly be raised in the shadow of their genetic donor.
4. Reproductive cloning is considered unsafe. At least 95% of mammals cloned have resulted in failure. 
5. Reproductive cloning can be considered unethical and against "god's" wishes. Many people believe that because clones were created by man, they will be unable to feel and empathize.

 Key ideas: 

- If reproductive cloning was used continuously and extensively, humans would not be unique. 

- Reproductive cloning is very risky. It would take plentiful amount of tries to succeed.

- Many people especially religious ones would go against it and might cause a riot because they believe it is playing god.

- It would cause future societies to believe that children are not meant to learn but instead they should already born with the better traits.

Source in MLA:

"Pros and Cons of Reproductive Cloning." Human Cloning Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2014. <http://humancloningproject.weebly.com/pros-and-cons-of-reproductive-cloning.htmleebly.com%2Fpros-and-cons-of-reproductive-cloning.html>.

Paraphrasing:

        Although reproductive cloning has many benefits, it has its cons too. It would be too risky and too expensive. It would be cost quite a lot due to its success rate of less than 5% meaning that it would take various amount of tries to create a successful clone and, it would take a lot of money too. It also has its social problems too. The social problem that involves reproductive cloning is that due to reproductive cloning only taking genes from 1 organism unlike usually, it would merge 2 organisms' genes, this would cause uniqueness to be wiped out for the next generation. Another of its social issue is that societies disagree for the next generation children to be already born with the good traits but instead, they should learn from their experiences. Another of its disadvantage is that people believe it is unethical. They believe it is unethical because believe that creating clones would be playing god and since clones are man made, societies believe that these clones would not be able to feel or have emotions like natural humans do.